Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
Volume 12, Issue 2 , Pages 252-257 , March 2009

Australian Association for Exercise and Sports Science Position Statement on Exercise and Hypertension

  • James E. Sharman

      Affiliations

    • School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
    • School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Australia
    • Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Australia
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author at: The University of Queensland, Department of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Australia.
    • ,
  • Michael Stowasser

      Affiliations

    • Hypertension Unit, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Australia
    • School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Australia
    • Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Australia

Received 17 June 2008 ,Revised 16 October 2008 ,Accepted 18 October 2008.

References 

  1. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360(9349):1903–1913
  2. Briganti EM, Shaw JE, Chadban SJ, Zimmet PZ, Welborn TA, McNeil JJ, et al. Untreated hypertension among Australian adults: the 1999–2000 Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Med J Aust. 2003;179(3):135–139
  3. Britt H, Miller G, Knox S. General practice activity in Australia 2000–01. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2001;
  4. Dickson ME, Sigmund CD. Genetic basis of hypertension: revisiting angiotensinogen. Hypertension. 2006;48(1):14–20
  5. Kahn JK, Zola B, Juni JE, Vinik AI. The 2008 Canadian Hypertension Education Program recommendations for the management of hypertension. Part 2. Therapy. Can J Cardiol. 2008;24(6):465–475
  6. Whelton PK, He J, Appel LJ, Cutler JA, Havas S, Kotchen TA, et al. Primary prevention of hypertension: clinical and public health advisory from The National High Blood Pressure Education Program. JAMA. 2002;288(15):1882–1888
  7. National Heart Foundation of Australia (National Blood Pressure and Vascular Disease Advisory Committee). Guide to Management of Hypertension 2008. http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/Professional_Information/Clinical_Practice/Hypertension.htm.
  8. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, et al. 2007 guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens. 2007;25(6):1105–1187
  9. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents . The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;114(2):555–576
  10. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, et al. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560–2572
  11. The DASH diet eating plan. Available at http://dashdiet.org/. 22 August 2008.
  12. Haapanen N, Miilunpalo S, Vuori I, Oja P, Pasanen M. Association of leisure time physical activity with the risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension and diabetes in middle-aged men and women. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26(4):739–747
  13. Paffenbarger RS, Wing AL, Hyde RT, Jung DL. Physical activity and incidence of hypertension in college alumni. Am J Epidemiol. 1983;117(3):245–257
  14. Sawada S, Tanaka H, Funakoshi M, Shindo M, Kono S, Ishiko T. Five year prospective study on blood pressure and maximal oxygen uptake. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1993;20(7–8):483–487
  15. Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J. Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(7):493–503
  16. Fagard RH. Exercise characteristics and the blood pressure response to dynamic physical training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(Suppl. 6):S484–492[discussion S484–S493]
  17. Halbert JA, Silagy CA, Finucane P, Withers RT, Hamdorf PA, Andrews GR. The effectiveness of exercise training in lowering blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of 4 weeks or longer. J Hum Hypertens. 1997;11(10):641–649
  18. Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH. Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure-regulating mechanisms, and cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension. 2005;46(4):667–675
  19. Pescatello LS, Franklin BA, Fagard R, Farquhar WB, Kelley GA, Ray CA. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(3):533–553
  20. Kokkinos PF, Narayan P, Colleran JA, Pittaras A, Notargiacomo A, Reda D, et al. Effects of regular exercise on blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in African–American men with severe hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(22):1462–1467
  21. Fagard RH, Cornelissen VA. Effect of exercise on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14(1):12–17
  22. Cornelissen VA, Fagard RH. Effect of resistance training on resting blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens. 2005;23(2):251–259
  23. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand . The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and flexibility in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998;30(6):975–991
  24. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;116(9):1081–1093
  25. Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Progressive resistance exercise and resting blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Hypertension. 2000;35(3):838–843
  26. Thompson PD, Franklin BA, Balady GJ, Blair SN, Corrado D, Estes NA 3rd, et al. Exercise and acute cardiovascular events placing the risks into perspective: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism and the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation. 2007;115(17):2358–2368
  27. Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA, Chaitman B, Eckel R, Fleg J, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001;104(14):1694–1740
  28. Beevers G, Lip GY, O’Brien E. ABC of hypertension. Blood pressure measurement. Part I. Sphygmomanometry: factors common to all techniques. BMJ. 2001;322(7292):981–985
  29. Beevers G, Lip GY, O’Brien E. ABC of hypertension: blood pressure measurement. Part II. Conventional sphygmomanometry: technique of auscultatory blood pressure measurement. BMJ. 2001;322(7293):1043–1047
  30. O’Brien E, Beevers G, Lip GY. ABC of hypertension. Blood pressure measurement. Part III. Automated sphygmomanometry: ambulatory blood pressure measurement. BMJ. 2001;322(7294):1110–1114
  31. McLenachan JM, Henderson E, Morris KI, Dargie HJ. Ventricular arrhythmias in patients with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(13):787–792
  32. Smart N, Marwick TH. Exercise training for patients with heart failure: a systematic review of factors that improve mortality and morbidity. Am J Med. 2004;116(10):693–706
  33. American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand . Physical activity, physical fitness, and hypertension. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25(10):i–x
  34. Pescatello LS, Mack GW, Leach CN, Nadel ER. Thermoregulation in mildly hypertensive men during beta-adrenergic blockade. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1990;22(2):222–228
  35. Fagard RH, Bjornstad HH, Borjesson M, Carre F, Deligiannis A, Vanhees L. ESC Study Group of Sports Cardiology recommendations for participation in leisure-time physical activities and competitive sports for patients with hypertension. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2005;12(4):326–331
  36. Manolio TA, Burke GL, Savage PJ, Sidney S, Gardin JM, Oberman A. Exercise blood pressure response and 5-year risk of elevated blood pressure in a cohort of young adults: the CARDIA study. Am J Hypertens. 1994;7(3):234–241
  37. Sharman JE, Cockcroft JR, Coombes JS. Cardiovascular implications of exposure to traffic air pollution during exercise. Q J Med. 2004;97:1–7

PII: S1440-2440(08)00215-6

doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2008.10.009

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
Volume 12, Issue 2 , Pages 252-257 , March 2009

Article Tools